Jumat, 10 Juni 2011

Bahaya Radiasi Nuklir

Pasca gempa besar di Jepang, publik dikhawatirkan akan terjadinya ledakan nuklir pada reaktor Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Nuklir Fukushima, Jepang. Ketakutan itu mungkin beralasan mengingat efek radiasi pada tubuh tidak bisa dianggap enteng.

Dampak radiasi menurut Dr. David J. Brenner, direktur Center for Radiological Research at Columbia University, tidak bersifat langsung. "Bisa berminggu kemudian baru muncul gejalanya," katanya.

Ia menyebutkan dampak radiasi pada tubuh tergantung pada material radioaktif yang dilepaskan dan durasi paparan. Level paparan yang tinggi bisa menyebabkan sindrom radiasi akut, bahkan kematian. Sindrom tersebut akan menimbulkan gejala mual, muntah, kelelahan, rambut rontok, serta diare.

Pada level yang lebih tinggi, korban yang terpapar bisa meninggal dalam hitungan minggu. "Penyebabnya adalah usus yang gosong," katanya.

Radiasi nuklir akan menganggu kemampuan sel untuk membelah diri dan berproduksi. Sel-sel di usus besar biasanya merupakan bagian tubuh yang paling cepat membelah diri. Demikian juga halnya dengan sel pembentuk darah di sumsung tulang yang sangat rentan terkena radiasi.

Sementara itu pada penduduk yang termasuk dalam kelompok risiko rendah, radiasi nuklir bisa memicu risiko kanker dalam beberapa tahun. Namun, hal ini juga tergantung pada lamanya paparan dan jenis radioaktif yang dikeluarkan reaktor nuklirnya.

Beberapa jenis material radioaktif ada yang dengan mudah diserap tubuh dan bertahan. Misalnya saja Iodin yang akan langsung diserap kelenjar tiroid atau strontium yang akan masuk tulang. Jenis radioaktif lainnya, seperti tritium, akan dengan cepat dikeluarkan tubuh.

Untuk mencegah bahaya radiasi, pemerintah Jepang telah memberikan pil potasium iodine yang bisa menetralkan pengaruh iodine tadi dengan cara mencegah kelenjar tiroid menyerap iodine. Namun menurut Brenner, iodine bisa masuk ke dalam tubuh manusia lewat berbagai cara, yakni udara atau makanan yang terpapar radiasi.

"Radioaktif iodine tidak harus masuk ke tubuh secara langsung. Iodine yang ada di udara bisa terserap ke tanah kemudian ternak memakan rumput yang tanahnya terpapar radiasi. Kemudian manusia memakan daging atau susu sapi itu," katanya.

Karena itu ia berpendapat pil potasium idodide kurang efektif mencegah kanker tiroid akibat radiasi nuklir. "Epidemi kanker tiroid pada korban nuklir Chernobyl bisa dicegah jika pemerintah segera melarang warganya minum susu sapi atau makan buah yang tumbuh dari tanah yang terkena radiasi," katanya.

Anak-anak berusia kurang dari 18 tahun, bayi, serta janin di dalam kandungan merupakan kelompok yang paling beresiko pada paparan radiasi karena sel-sel dalam tubuh mereka masih aktif membelah diri.

2 komentar:

  1. bisa post khusus tentang strontium ga?mohon bantuannya

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